1 Dialyzer
1.1 Introduction
Dialyzer is a static analysis tool that identifies software discrepancies
such as type errors, unreachable code, unnecessary tests, etc in single Erlang modules
or entire (sets of) applications.
1.2 Using the Dialyzer from the GUI
1.2.1 Choosing the applications or modules
In the "File" window you will find a listing of the current directory.
Click your way to the directories/modules you want to add or type the
correct path in the entry.
Mark the directories/modules you want to analyze for discrepancies and
click "Add". You can either add the .beam and .erl-files directly, or
you can add directories that contain these kinds of files. Note that
you are only allowed to add the type of files that can be analyzed in
the current mode of operation (see below), and that you cannot mix
.beam and .erl-files.
1.2.2 The analysis modes
Dialyzer has several modes of analysis. These are controlled by the
buttons in the top-middle part of the main window, under "Analysis Options".
The parameters are:
-
Analyze:
-
-
Byte code:
-
The analysis starts from .beam bytecode files.
Whenever the .beam file has been generated with the +debug_info
compiler option on, analysis automatically starts from abstract
code (via Core Erlang) and the results are identical to those
obtained starting from source code.
-
Source code:
-
The analysis starts from .erl files.
-
Granularity:
-
You can choose to Analyze each module locally, or to make the
analysis global over all modules. The default (and recommended
mode) is a global analysis, but the module-local variant can be
handy when the interfaces between modules are not yet fully
implemented and you are simply interested in some quick-and-dirty
feedback.
-
Iteration:
-
Here you can specify if the analysis should perform a fixpoint
iteration over the chosen granularity, or make just one pass.
-
One Pass:
-
One pass iteration analyzes all modules in an unspecified
order. Each module is still analyzed to fixpoint, but no
fixpoint iteration is performed over module boundaries.
-
Fixpoint:
-
All specified modules are analyzed until fixpoint. To speed up
the iteration, a static call graph for inter-modular calls is
constructed after the first pass of the analysis. This
call graph is then used to order the modules for the second
(and final) run of the analysis.
1.2.3 Controlling the discrepancies reported by the Dialyzer
Under the "Warnings" pull-down menu, there are buttons that control
which discrepancies are reported to the user in the "Warnings" window.
By clicking on these buttons, one can enable/disable a whole class of
warnings. Information about the classes of warnings can be found on
the "Warnings" item under the "Help" menu (at the rightmost top corner).
If modules are compiled with inlining, spurious warnings may be emitted.
In the "Options" menu you can choose to ignore inline-compiled modules
when analyzing byte code. When starting from source code this is not a
problem since the inlining is explicitly turned off by Dialyzer. The
option causes Dialyzer to suppress all warnings from inline-compiled
modules, since there is currently no way for Dialyzer to find what
parts of the code have been produced by inlining.
1.2.4 Running the analysis
Once you have chosen the modules or directories you want to analyze,
click the "Run" button to start the analysis. If for some reason you
want to stop the analysis while it is running, push the "Stop" button.
The information from the analysis will be displayed in the Log and the
Warnings windows.
1.2.5 Include directories and macro definitions
When analyzing from source you might have to supply Dialyzer with a
list of include directories and macro definitions (as you can do with
the erlc flags -I and -D). This can be done either by starting Dialyzer
with these flags from the command line as in:
./dialyzer -I my_includes -DDEBUG -Dvsn=42 -I one_more_dir
or by adding these explicitly using the "Manage Macro Definitions" or
"Manage Include Directories" sub-menus in the "Options" menu.
1.2.6 Saving the information on the Log and Warnings windows
In the "File" menu there are options to save the contents of the Log
and the Warnings window. Just choose the options and enter the file to
save the contents in.
There are also buttons to clear the contents of each window.
1.2.7 Inspecting the inferred types of the analyzed functions
Dialyzer stores the information of the analyzed functions in a
Persistent Lookup Table (PLT). After an analysis you can inspect this
information. In the PLT menu you can choose to either search the PLT
or inspect the contents of the whole PLT. The information is presented
in edoc format.
Note
Currently, the information which is displayed is NOT the type
signatures of the functions. The return values are the least upper
bound of the returned type from the function and the argument types
are the least upper bound of the types that the function is called
with. In other words, the argument types is not what the function can
accept, but rather a description of how the function is used.
We are working on finding the type signatures of the function, and
this will (hopefully) be included in a future version of Dialyzer.
1.3 Using the Dialyzer from the command line
See dialyzer(3).
1.4 Using the Dialyzer from Erlang
See dialyzer(3).
1.5 More on the Persistent Lookup Table (PLT)
During setup, a Persistent Lookup Table will automatically be created
for the Erlang/OTP libraries specified in dialyzer/src/Makefile. This
table will be the starting point for later analyses. At each startup
of Dialyzer the validity of the PLT will be checked, and if something
has changed in the included libraries a new PLT will be constructed.
To build a PLT of your own favorite files use the --output_plt option
to specify where the file containing the PLT should be stored. At
later analyses this PLT can be used as the starting point by using the
--plt option. Note that the new PLT file also includes the information
from the PLT that was used as the starting point
Warning
You should not analyze files that are already included in the
PLT. This can lead to unexpected results if some file has changed
since the PLT was built. Such dependencies are currently only checked
when the PLT was built using the default libraries in
dialyzer/src/Makefile.
In an Erlang/OTP system which has been installed, the user typically
does not have write permission to the file of the PLT. If Dialyzer
later finds that the PLT is not up-to-date, the analysis is aborted
with a warning. Until the installed PLT has been updated a temporary
PLT can be created and used in the manner described above.
1.6 Feedback and bug reports
At this point, we very much welcome user feedback (even wish-lists!).
If you notice something weird, especially if the Dialyzer reports any
discrepancy that is a false positive, please send an error report
describing the symptoms and how to reproduce them to:
tobias.lindahl@it.uu.se, kostis@it.uu.se
dialyzer 1.7.1
Copyright © 1991-2007
Ericsson AB