# Erlang mode for Emacs Possibly the most important feature of an editor designed for programmers is the ability to indent a line of code in accordance with the structure of the programming language. The Erlang mode does, of course, provide this feature. The layout used is based on the common use of the language. The mode also provides things as syntax highlighting, electric commands, module name verification, comment support including paragraph filling, skeletons, tags support etc. In the following descriptions the use of the word _Point_ means: "Point can be seen as the position of the cursor. More precisely, the point is the position between two characters while the cursor is drawn over the character following the point". ## Indent The following command are directly available for indentation. - _`TAB`_ (`erlang-indent-command`) - Indents the current line of code. - _`M-C-\`_ (`indent-region`) - Indents all lines in the region. - _`M-;`_ (`comment-indent`) - Insert a comment character to the right of the code on the line (if any). Lines containing comment are indented differently depending on the number of %-characters used: - Lines with one %-character is indented to the right of the code. The column is specified by the variable `comment-column`, by default column 48 is used. - Lines with two %-characters will be indented to the same depth as code would have been in the same situation. - Lines with three of more %-characters are indented to the left margin. - _`C-c C-q`_ (`erlang-indent-function`) - Indents the current Erlang function. - _`M-x erlang-indent-clause RET`_ - Indent the current Erlang clause. - _`M-x erlang-indent-current-buffer RET`_ - Indent the entire buffer. ## Edit - Fill Comment When editing normal text in text mode you can let Emacs reformat the text by the `fill-paragraph` command. This command will not work for comments since it will treat the comment characters as words. The Erlang editing mode provides a command that knows about the Erlang comment structure and can be used to fill text paragraphs in comments. Ex: ```erlang %% This is just a very simple test to show %% how the Erlang fill %% paragraph command works. ``` Clearly, the text is badly formatted. Instead of formatting this paragraph line by line, let's try `erlang-fill-paragraph` by pressing _`M-q`_. The result is: ```erlang %% This is just a very simple test to show how the Erlang fill %% paragraph command works. ``` ## Edit - Comment/Uncomment Region _`C-c C-c`_ will put comment characters at the beginning of all lines in a marked region. If you want to have two comment characters instead of one you can do _`C-u 2 C-c C-c`_ _`C-c C-u`_ will undo a comment-region command. ## Edit - Moving the point - _`M-C-a`_ (`erlang-beginning-of-function`) - Move the point to the beginning of the current or preceding Erlang function. With an numeric argument (ex _`C-u 2 M-C-a`_) the function skips backwards over this many Erlang functions. Should the argument be negative the point is moved to the beginning of a function below the current function. - _`C-c M-a`_ (`erlang-beginning-of-clause`) - As above but move point to the beginning of the current or preceding Erlang clause. - _`M-C-e`_ (`erlang-end-of-function`) - Move to the end of the current or following Erlang function. With an numeric argument (ex _`C-u 2 M-C-e`_) the function skips backwards over this many Erlang functions. Should the argument be negative the point is moved to the end of a function below the current function. - _`C-c M-e`_ (`erlang-end-of-clause`) - As above but move point to the end of the current or following Erlang clause. ## Edit - Marking - _`M-C-h`_ (`erlang-mark-function`) - Put the region around the current Erlang function. The point is placed in the beginning and the mark at the end of the function. - _`C-c M-h`_ (`erlang-mark-clause`) Put the region around the current Erlang clause. The point is placed in the beginning and the mark at the end of the function. ## Edit - Function Header Commands - _`C-c C-j`_ (`erlang-generate-new-clause`) - Create a new clause in the current Erlang function. The point is placed between the parentheses of the argument list. - _`C-c C-y`_ (`erlang-clone-arguments`) - Copy the function arguments of the preceding Erlang clause. This command is useful when defining a new clause with almost the same argument as the preceding. ## Edit - Alignment - _`C-c C-a`_ (`align-current`) - aligns comments, arrows, assignments, and type annotations around the cursor. ```erlang Example: sum(L) -> sum(L, 0). sum([H|T], Sum) -> sum(T, Sum + H); % recurse sum([], Sum) -> Sum. % base case -record { two :: int(), % hello three = hello :: string(), % there four = 42 :: int() }. becomes: sum(L) -> sum(L, 0). sum([H|T], Sum) -> sum(T, Sum + H); % recurse sum([], Sum) -> Sum. % base case -record { two :: int(), % hello three = hello :: string(), % there four = 42 :: int() }. ``` ## Syntax highlighting The syntax highlighting can be activated from the Erlang menu. There are five different alternatives: - Off: Normal black and white display. - Level 1: Function headers, reserved words, comments, strings, quoted atoms, and character constants will be colored. - Level 2: The above, attributes, Erlang bif:s, guards, and words in comments enclosed in single quotes will be colored. - Level 3: The above, variables, records, and macros will be colored. - Level 4: The above plus everything else that can be highlighted. (This level is also known as the Christmas tree level.) ## Tags For the tag commands to work it requires that you have generated a tag file. See [Erlang mode users guide](erlang_mode_chapter.md#tags) - _`M-.`_ (`xref-find-definitions`) - Find a function definition. The default value is the function name under the point. - _`M-?`_ (`xref-find-references`) - Find all references to the function under the point. - Tags apropos (`tags-apropos`) - Display list of all tags in tags table REGEXP matches. - _`C-x t s`_ (`tags-search`) - Search through all files listed in tags table for match for REGEXP. Stops when a match is found. ## Skeletons A skeleton is a piece of pre-written code that can be inserted into the buffer. Erlang mode comes with a set of predefined skeletons. The skeletons can be accessed either from the Erlang menu of from commands named `tempo-template-erlang-*`, as the skeletons is defined using the standard Emacs package "tempo". Here follows a brief description of the available skeletons: - Simple skeletons: If, Case, Receive, Receive After, Receive Loop - Basic code constructs. - Header elements: Module, Author - These commands insert lines on the form `-module('xxx').` and `-author('my@home').`. They can be used directly, but are also used as part of the full headers described below. - Full Headers: Small (minimum requirement), Medium (with fields for basic information about the module), and Large Header (medium header with some extra layout structure). - Small Server - skeleton for a simple server not using OTP. - Application - skeleton for the OTP application behavior - Supervisor - skeleton for the OTP supervisor behavior - gen_server - skeleton for the OTP gen_server behavior - gen_event - skeleton for the OTP gen_event behavior - gen_statem (StateName/3) - skeleton for the OTP gen_statem behavior using state name functions - gen_statem (handle_event/4) - skeleton for the OTP gen_statem behavior using one state function - wx_object - skeleton for the wx_object behavior - Library module - skeleton for a module that does not implement a process. - Small Common Test suite - skeleton for a basic Common Test suite - Large Common Test suite - skeleton for a full Common Test suite - Common Test Hook - skeleton for a Common Test hook module ## Shell - New shell (`erlang-shell`) - Starts a new Erlang shell. - _`C-c C-z,`_ (`erlang-shell-display `) - Displays an Erlang shell, or starts a new one if there is no shell started. ## Compile - _`C-c C-k,`_ (`erlang-compile`) - Compiles the Erlang module in the current buffer. You can also use _`C-u C-c C-k`_ to debug compile the module with the debug options `debug_info` and `export_all`. - _`C-c C-l,`_ (`erlang-compile-display`) - Display compilation output. - _``C-u C-x` ``_ Start parsing the compiler output from the beginning. This command will place the point on the line where the first error was found. - _`` C-x` ``_ (`erlang-next-error`) - Move the point on to the next error. The buffer displaying the compilation errors will be updated so that the current error will be visible. ## Man On unix you can view the manual pages in emacs. In order to find the manual pages, the variable `erlang-root-dir` should be bound to the name of the directory containing the Erlang installation. The name should not include the final slash. Practically, you should add a line on the following form to your ~/.emacs, ```text (setq erlang-root-dir "/the/erlang/root/dir/goes/here") ``` ## Starting IMenu - _`M-x imenu-add-to-menubar RET`_ - This command will create the IMenu menu containing all the functions in the current buffer. The command will ask you for a suitable name for the menu. ## Version - _`M-x erlang-version RET`_ - This command displays the version number of the Erlang editing mode. Remember to always supply the version number when asking questions about the Erlang mode.